History of Saint Valentine’s Day
Saint Valentine’s Day, commonly known as Valentine’s Day,[1][2][3] or the Feast of Saint Valentine,[4] is observed on February 14 each year. It is celebrated in many countries around the world, although it remains a working day in most of them.[3]
St. Valentine’s Day began as a liturgical celebration of one or more early Christian saints named Valentinus. The most popular martyrology associated with Saint Valentine was that he was imprisoned for performing weddings for soldiers who were forbidden to marry and for ministering to Christians, who were persecuted under the Roman Empire; during his imprisonment, he is said to have healed the daughter of his jailer Asterius. Legend states that before his execution he wrote “from your Valentine” as a farewell to her.[5][6] Today, Saint Valentine’s Day is an official feast day in the Anglican Communion,[7] as well as in the Lutheran Church.[8] The Eastern Orthodox Church also celebrates Saint Valentine’s Day, albeit on July 6th and July 30th, the former date in honor of the Roman presbyter Saint Valentine, and the latter date in honor of Hieromartyr Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna (modern Terni).[9][10]
The day was first associated with romantic love in the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in the High Middle Ages, when the tradition of courtly love flourished. By the 15th century, it had evolved into an occasion in which lovers expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards (known as “valentines“).[1][3] Valentine’s Day symbols that are used today include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.[11]
The 100-year-old office worker
The 100-year-old office worker: the world’s oldest temp? Meet Jim Clements, he is 100 years old, and works for a security firm in Essex after becoming bored with retirement. Jim Clements, a 100-year-old great-grandfather, has been revealed as Britain’s longest-serving temp. Mr Clements has been working for a security company in Harlow, Essex for 34 years, since he was 66. “When I retired I got so bored at home the wife was like, for God’s sake, go and get a job… so I did,” he said. Jim has now been working a total of 86 years. He is a popular member of the firm and is treated like family by his colleagues who take him shopping and out for drinks.
Ending corruption in Pakistan
Imran Khan, leader of the Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf, has made eradicating corruption a central plank of his campaign platform. Last year, he commissioned me to examine the kind of legislation required to tackle corruption and the result is a report titled Legal Structures to Address the Problem of Corruption in Pakistan. The 150-page report gives examples of legislation from other countries that emerged from authoritarian rule and stresses that the process is threefold — transparency, defining corruption and protection of whistle-blowers must not only be enshrined in law but must be enforceable and rigorously implemented.
The report contains examples and best practices from many countries, which are dealing successfully with corruption — Georgia, Poland, Vietnam, Turkey — and not only provides extensive details but also contains sample legislation.
Corruption continues to be a matter of deep concern as it destroys the social contract between those who are governing and those being governed. It is considered by some international forums to be a violation of human rights and even a crime against humanity. The embezzlement of public funds is a central threat to human rights and the survival of democracy. We are not talking about the petty corruption that exists at the bureaucratic level, which seems to be endemic in most developing countries that have a fragile delivery of social services. The concern is for the widespread financial and political corruption, nepotism and abuse of power that enables politicians and leaders to amass huge private fortunes, while their constituents remain in poverty.
This is happening on an unprecedented level in Pakistan. This year, the country has reached the highest level of corruption yet, as measured by Transparency International Pakistan in its 2012 report. Pakistan has become even more corrupt since the last assessment and is now ranked 42 compared with the previous ranking of 33. Corruption in Pakistan has reached its highest level during the last year and has totalled Rs12,600 billion over the last five years.
Pakistan first needs a legislative definition of corruption. Much of the country’s legislation regarding anti-corruption dates back to 1860, in laws inherited from the British colonial administration. There are multiple laws in Pakistan, which overlap, have gaps, or even worse, have been drafted to protect particular interest groups. Pakistan attempted a Freedom of Information Bill in 2002 but it was never passed.
The key findings of the report are that effective anti-corruption legislation must have: i) transparency legislation, which includes a) reporting conflicts of interest, b) politicians and state officials must disclose their assets — before appointment, annually during appointment and even after appointment and c) freedom of information legislation — information should be available to all public; ii) corruption legislation, defining the problem; and iii) whistle-blower protection, which is very important as individuals must have the confidence to expose corruption and employees are more likely to detect fraud, corruption and misconduct than any outside government agency.
This sample legislation reflects best practices from around the globe and forms a very useful foundation that can be fast tracked towards implementation.
Pakistanis are calling for rights, justice and security in their country and have been frustrated for far too long by a civil and criminal justice system that is failing the people. Public accountability and transparency are needed urgently if the democratic experience is to survive; presently, ordinary people are turning to violence for dispute resolution in the absence of an impartial justice system. The people and their representatives can only achieve good governance if the administration of justice is seen to be above reproach. Imran Khan is aware that the body of anti-corruption law must be revised, updated and made complete. He certainly has the political will to see this through and intends to stop the plundering of Pakistan’s financial resources and divert them to benefit civil society. The people of Pakistan deserve nothing less.
Published in The Express Tribune, January 29th, 2013.